ABSTRACT Technological advances have demonstrated the need for intellectual property rights, and patent granting is one of its most widespread forms. This includes the protection of inoculant formulations for agriculture, in which Brazil is a leader. This study aimed to analyze the number of patents for formulations of biological inoculants for agriculture in Brazil and the microorganisms used. An advanced search was performed in the National Institute of Industrial Property database, using the title and abstract fields. The indexers included inoculant, bioinoculant, endophyte, endophytic, fungus, bacteria, Rhizobium, Azospirillum and Gluconacetobacter. The inoculant formulation patents were grouped by the number of files per decade, number of patents per holder(s), characterization of granted patents, international patent classification, and main genera of fungi and bacteria used in inoculant formulations per decade. The number of patents filed for inoculant formulations in the last four decades increased from 7 in the first decade (1981–1990) to 37 from 2011–2020. In the first decades of study, the use of Rhizobium in inoculants stood out, followed by other genera of fungi and bacteria. However, most inoculant patent applications are still denied, considering data from 1981 to 2020. This may be partially due to the low reproducibility of inoculant results, as microorganism activity is highly affected by climate, soil, plant cultivars and crop management. The percentage of acceptance equal to or higher than 50 % in the number of applied patents for using endophytic microorganisms may be because this group of microorganisms acts mainly inside plants and is thus more protected from the influence of climate and some soil and management factors. The growing number of patent applications in the last 40 years demonstrates the business and technological development interest in inoculants in Brazil.

RESUMO Veitchia merrilli (Becc) H. E. Moore é uma palmeira muito utilizada na jardinagem. Devido à produção contínua de flores nas inflorescências, há frutos e sementes em vários estágios de maturação em uma mesma planta, dificultando a determinação do melhor estágio de maturação dos frutos para obtenção de sementes vigorosas. Este estudo mesurou as características biométricas do fruto em diferentes estádios de maturação e identificou o melhor estádio de maturação do fruto para obter sementes com ótima qualidade fisiológica. Frutos maduros foram colhidos da copa de 10 árvores e do solo, categorizados de acordo com seu estágio de maturação e caracterizados quanto ao comprimento total, diâmetro equatorial e massa fresca. Um experimento para identificar o melhor estádio de maturação dos frutos para obtenção de sementes de V. merrilli com qualidade fisiológica satisfatória foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com cinco tratamentos (estágio de maturação) e dez repetições; cada parcela foi composta por 20 sementes. Altura da planta, comprimento da raiz, diâmetro do caule, peso seco da raiz e da parte aérea, peso seco total e índice de qualidade de Dickson foram medidos. O estádio de fruto verde é o mais indicado para a obtenção de sementes de V. merrilli com as melhores qualidades fisiológicas. Os frutos no estádio de maturação vermelho escuro apresentaram o maior comprimento, enquanto os do estádio de transição verde apresentaram o maior diâmetro e massa fresca.

ABSTRACT Veitchia merrilli (Becc) H. E. Moore is a palm tree widely used in gardening. Due to the continuous production of flowers on the inflorescences, there are fruits and seeds in various stages of maturation on the same plant, making it hard to determine the best fruit maturation stage for obtaining vigorous seeds. This study measured the biometric characteristics of the fruit at different stages of maturation and identified the best fruit maturation stage from which to obtain seeds with optimal physiological quality. Mature fruits were harvested from the tops of 10 trees and the ground, categorized according to their maturation stage and measured for overall length, equatorial diameter, and fresh weight. An experiment to identify the best fruit maturation stage for obtaining seeds of the V. merrilli with satisfactory physiological quality was carried out in a greenhouse, with five treatments (maturation stage) and ten replications; each plot was composed of 20 seeds. Plant height, root length, stem diameter, root and above ground dry weight, total dry weight, and Dickson’s quality index were measured. The green fruit stage is the most suitable for obtaining seeds of V. merrilli with the best physiological qualities. The fruits at the dark red maturity stage had the greatest length, while the those in the green transition stage had the greatest diameter and fresh weight.

Na busca de alternativas para o controle de fitonematoides, vem sendo estudado o efeito nematicida de metabolitos secundários ou resíduos vegetais. Dessa forma, a manipueira, resíduo líquido da industrialização da mandioca (Manihot esculenta), tem como composição glicosídeos cianogênicos com propriedades antimicrobianas. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial da manipueira aplicada no solo, visando o controle de Meloidogyne javanica na cultura da soja. A manipueira foi aplicada nas concentrações de 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100%. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 11 × 2 (concentrações de manipueira × formas de aplicação - única e parcelada), com cinco repetições. As plantas de soja foram inoculadas com 3000 ovos e J2 de M. javanica por vaso. Sessenta dias após a primeira aplicação da manipueira, foram avaliadas características agronômicas e de parasitismo. A aplicação única da manipueira promoveu maior crescimento e desenvolvimento radicular, bem como redução do número de ovos e J2 na raiz e do fator de reprodução de M. javanica, para todas as concentrações. A aplicação parcelada teve maior efeito na redução do número de galhas e massas de ovos. As concentrações letais de manipueira para 50% da população de nematoides no solo e na raiz foram de 37,90% e 29,67%, respetivamente.

Searching alternatives for the control of plant parasitic nematodes, nematicide effect of secondary metabolites or plant residues has been studied. Thus, the manipueira, a liquid residue obtained from the industrialization of cassava (Manihot esculenta), has as its composition cyanogenic glycosides with antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the manipueira applied to the soil, aiming at the control of Meloidogyne javanica in the soybean crop. The manipueira was applied at the concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%. The experimental design was completely randomized, in an 11 × 2 factorial arrangement (concentrations of manipueira × forms of application - single and fractionated), with five replicates. Soybean plants were inoculated with 3000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica per pot. Sixty days after the first application of the manipueira, agronomic characteristics and parasitism were evaluated. The single application of the manipueira promoted greater growth and root development, as well as a reduction in the number of eggs and juveniles in the roots and in the reproduction factor of M. javanica, for all concentrations. The split application had more effect on reducing the number of galls and egg mass. The lethal manure concentrations for 50% of the soil and root nematode populations were 37.90% and 29.67%, respectively.

RESUMO A manipueira, resíduo líquido da industrialização da mandioca, apresenta alta toxicidade à diversidade microbiana. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial de manipueira aplicada ao solo, visando ao controle de Meloidogyne incognita na cultura da soja. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 11, constituído por duas formas de aplicação de manipueira (única e dividida em duas), em onze concentrações (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, 60 %, 70 %, 80 %, 90 % e 100%), com cinco repetições por tratamento. Algumas variáveis agronômicas e características do parasitismo também foram avaliadas. As plantas que receberam aplicação única de manipueira apresentaram ganho no comprimento radicular de 100,41 %, enquanto o volume e a massa fresca do sistema radicular apresentaram ganhos de 81,52 % e 28,11 %, respectivamente, com a aplicação dividida. Quanto ao parasitismo, a aplicação única foi mais eficiente na redução do número de juvenis no solo e na raiz, onde as concentrações de manipueira para matar 50 % dos nematoides foram de 1,65 % e 4,37 %, respectivamente. Assim, a manipueira, além de ser eficiente no controle de M. incognita, influencia de forma positiva no desenvolvimento da cultura da soja, podendo ser recomendada como nematicida e, também, como adubo orgânico.

ABSTRACT Manipueira, a liquid residue obtained from the cassava industrialization, shows high toxicity to the microbial diversity. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of manipueira applied to the soil to control Meloidogyne incognita in soybean. A completely randomized design, in a 2 x 11 factorial scheme, was used, consisting of two application forms of manipueira (single and two applications), in eleven concentrations (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, 60 %, 70 %, 80 %, 90 % and 100 %), with five replications per treatment. Some agronomic traits and parasitism characteristics were also evaluated. The plants that received a single application of manipueira showed a gain of 100.41 % in root length, while the volume and fresh root mass showed gains of 81.52 % and 28.11 %, respectively, with the two applications. Regarding parasitism, the single application was more effective in reducing the number of juveniles in the soil and roots, where the concentrations of manipueira to kill 50 % of the nematodes were 1.65 % and 4.37 %, respectively. Thus, besides being effective in controlling M. incognita, manipueira has a positive effect on the development of soybean and may be recommended as a nematicide and also as an organic fertilizer.